Fig. 6. Nonhydrostatic stress effect on vacancy formation: anisotropic formation volumes. Work done upon vacancy formation in crystal (red) free of extended internal defects. Pressures, P₁ and P₃, of incompressible fluids (blue) in contact with (100) and (001) faces, respectively, maintained by pistons driven by masses m₁ and m₃. Crystal volume changes by V^f upon vacancy formation at (100) or (001) surface but work done against gravity differs (mgDh = pDV); hence point defect concentrations in local equilibrium with (100) and (001) surface differ

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